Etymology
member of a wandering race (by themselves called Romany), of Middle Eastern/Indian origin, which first appeared in England about the beginning of the 16th c. and was then believed to have come from Egypt.
According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the word was first used in English in
1514, with several more uses in the same century, and that both
Edmund Spenser and
William Shakespeare used the word.
[1]The word
Gypsy derives from
Egyptian, similarly to the
Spanish Gitano or the
French Gitan. It emerged in
Europe in the 15th century.
[2] They received the name "Gypsy" from the local people either because they supposedly came from a land named "Little Egypt", or because some of them fit the European image of tan Egyptians. On arrival at numerous places in Europe they claimed to be from Egypt, and were required to travel for seven years as
penance for
apostasy. During the
sixteenth and
seventeenth centuries the name was written in various ways:
Egipcian,
Egypcian,
'gypcian.
[3] As the time elapsed, the notion of Gypsy evolved including other stereotypes, like
nomadism,
exoticism.
[4] John Matthews in
The World Atlas of Divinationrefer to gypsies as "Wise Women."
[5]
[edit]Other groups sometimes called gypsies
A number of groups are commonly included under
gypsy even though they are not part of the Romani people proper. This is notably the case with the
Dom people and the
Lom people of the Middle East and Central Asia. These are known as
Kowli (
کولی) in
Iran and
Iraq. The Arabic terms
Ghajar (
غجر),
Salab (
صلب) and
Nawar (
نور) distinguish occupations: the
Ghajar or
Salabare entertainers, while the
Nawar are traders;
Nawar is also used as a pejorative term to mean
vulgar, or
low in North Levantine Arabic, and are used as insults (see also
Garachi,
Lyuli,
Zott).
"Travellers" is a wider term for groups of people with a
nomadic lifestyle, traditionally including but not restricted to the Romani. The
Irish Travellers and
Scottish Travellers are often included under the term "gypsies". In Central and Western Europe, the
Yeniche are known as
gypsies (or
Zigeuner and other local equivalents of the term) although they are not considered part of the Romani people.
Gallery
History
The facts of the two major events in European Romani history — the five and a half centuries of slavery (26) and the Holocaust (27) — are becoming better known and documented all the time. But the details of early Romani history, who our ancestors were and where they came from, are not so well-known. For more than a century and a half, the same stories have been repeated tirelessly and uncritically in each new publication, in particular that the first Gypsies were a group of ten thousand musicians given as a gift by the Maharajah of India to his son-in-law the Shah of Persia in AD 439. In time, this story goes, the people moved away, some remaining in the Middle East, some going into Armenia, and some continuing on into Europe, arriving there in the l3th or l4th century. As early as 1844 the name Rrom was associated with the Indian word Dom, and this was thought to provide a further clue to Gypsy identity, because the Dom are a population of menials and entertainers in contemporary India, and the similarity in social status was easily assumed. Kenrick, however, has shown this to have been a misinterpretation of the word (28).
In recent years, a small group of scholars (29) has been investigating Romani history from a more scientific perspective, and the first new findings in the field since the 1920s are being made. Their technique has been to take the various historical and geographical possibilities and to match them with evidence found in the Romani language itself. The picture which is emerging indicates that the ancestors of the Rroma were a composite population from the very beginning, who were deliberately assembled into a military force to resist the spread of Islam into India. This is how we arrive at these conclusions. Two of the Romani words for "non-Gypsy" are gadjo, which comes from an earlier form gajjha, meaning "civilian, non-military," and das, which in India means "prisoner of war, captive, slave." Words in the Romani vocabulary such as "sword," "spear," "battlecry," "horse," "fight," "gaiters" (xanrro, bust, chingar, khuro, kuriben, patava) are Indian; and were not acquired later from other languages. Words for metalworking and agriculture, on the other hand, are all foreign adoptions. Romani has linguistic features in its grammar, vocabulary and sounds which point to an exodus at the beginning of the early Middle Indian period, not during the Old Indian period, and so a movement out of India before ca. AD 1000 could not have taken place. This means that the story about the fifth-century musicians must apply to quite a different Indian migration, not the migration of the ancestors of the Rroma. We can also determine the route by looking at the sources of the Romani vocabulary. While it is basically Indic, there has been a substantial acquisition of Dardic words, especially from a language called Phalura, as well as a small number apparently from Burushaski, a non-Indic, non-Dardic language spoken only in a small area of the Hindu Kush. Because Dardic and Burushaski words exist in Romani, the migration out of India could only have been through the areas in which they were spoken.
We then have to examine the map to see what possible routes led from here through the mountains to the West. The passes far enough north to match the linguistic factors are at Baroghil and Shandur from here, routes lead down to the Silk Road which runs westwards south of the Caspian Sea. There are two words in Romani for "silk," phanrr and kez again, both of them native Indian terms. The fact that there is practically no influence on Romani from the Truck languages or from Arabic also helps us to determine the route taken, which was along the western shore of the Caspian, because of the Iranian languages represented, and across the southern Caucasus, because of the Armenian, Georgian and Ossete words in Romani, and through the Byzantine Empire — probably along the northern Turkish coast — where Greek items began to be acquired, into Europe. We can also pinpoint the time of departure from India, because while there were seventeen Muslim raids between AD 1001 and AD 1027, only two of them took place in the area which matches the linguistic evidence: in 1013 and again in 1015 at Lohkot, in Kashmir. The existence of a Mongol word (mangin, "treasure") in Romani places the migration through the eastern Byzantine Empire at no earlier than AD 1250, which is when the Golden Horde first became a presence there (30).
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